In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development containing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the world’s states are committed to achieve until 2030.
Analysing the production and consumption chain of tobacco, we show its impact on sustainable development
Sustainable Development
Already in 1987 the Brundtland report stated: „Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“ In the years to come, the discussion about the term sustainability lead to the definition of three main pillars of sustainability.
- Environment: No exploitation of nature
- Economy: Society should not live beyond its resources
- Society: social, gender and generational justice
Adopting the 2030 Agenda, all states committed themselves to align their policies with the objectives for a sustainable development. In contrast to the Millenium Development Goals, the 2030 agenda applies for all states not only for low- and middle-income countries in the Global South. Thus, Germany is a developing country.
17 Goals interlinked
The 2030 agenda lists 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including 169 targets. The quantity of goals and targets indicates the complexity behind the agenda which is the result of years of discussion all over the world.
Tobacco is a good example to show how the different goals are interlinked and that their achievement needs a holistic approach.
Health as Starting Point
The number three of the SDGs is dedicated to health:
SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Tobacco use is the single most preventable risk factor for non communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, cancer and diabetes. Worldwide 7 million people die due to tobacco use every year.
The most important instrument of implementation for goal 3 is the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).
Poverty and Hunger
Tobacco use is costly. Expenses on tobacco hit particularly the poorer parts of the population, in high-income countries as well as in countries of the Global South. In 2015, poor households in Indonesia used about 7,5% of their household expenses for cigarettes, just as much as for housing. In contrast, they only spent 1,8% of their expenses on education.
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
More than 17 million people around the world are working in tobacco growing – primarily in low- and middle-income countries. Many smallholder farmers have difficulties in making a living from tobacco growing.
Furthermore, tobacco growing directly competes with food farming in many countries such as Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Seven of the ten countries with the largest area under cultivation are in Asia and Africa. If food was grown in these countries instead of tobacco, more than 11 million peoplecould be fed.
Global Partnership
Revitalising the global partnership is a comprehensive goal and in case of tobacco it contains some pitfalls.
SDG 17: International cooperation between governments, civil society and the private economy for the provision of fi nancial resources, for knowledge sharing and for systemic changes.
The undifferentiated pursuit of targets like the increase of exports (17.11) or the expansion of duty-free markets (17.12) would be counterproductive regarding tobacco, because tobacco kills half of its consumers when used as intended.
But the goal’s core – revitalising the global partnership – is of highest importance for tobacco control. Since the adoption of the WHO FCTC, ten years of practised global partnership, particularly the international exchange of knowledge, experiences and technologies, have effected great progress towards reducing tobacco use.
A particularly successful global partnership for tobacco control was active during the investor-state-dispute between Uruguay and Philip Morris International.
Education
Worldwide, the proportion of smokers is highest in parts of the population with low socio-economic status. That means, education is one of the factors influencing smoking behaviour. This applies to low- and middle-income as well as for high-income countries.
Money spent on tobacco products is not available to pay for other needs. This is especially evident in low- and middle-income countries and reveals an intergenerational conflict: the addiction of the parents adversely affects the future opportunities of their children.
SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
In tobacco growing countries children often work on tobacco fields, because smallholder farming families are economically dependent on multinational corporations. For children, tobacco growing is especially dangerous and impacts strongly on the children’s rights to education and leisure. At the same time, good education is needed to break the cycle of poverty and the dependence of farming families on tobacco companies.
The tobacco world market is complex and involves many players. The impact of tobacco cultivation and the use of tobacco products is diverse. For tobacco, fair trade is not an option due to its devastating impact on people’s health.
Thus we use tobacco as an example in our education programme on sustainable development and simultaneously promote tobacco and smoking prevention.
Decent Work
The health consequences of secondhand smoke cause the death of 886,000 people every year. Nearly half of them, i.e. 433,000 people die because they were exposed to secondhand smoke at work. This number equals about 20% of all deaths worldwide caused by occupational diseases and injuries. Therefore, smokefree workplaces are an important contribution of tobacco control to achieve SDG 3.4 (30% reduction in premature deaths due to NCDs) and 8.8 (decent working conditions for all).
SDG 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Worldwide, more than 17 million people are working in tobacco cultivation, primarily in low- and middle-income countries where labour standards are often low. Tobacco growing is shaped by intensive use of chemicals. Therefore, occupational injuries like poisonings are prevalent.
Additionally, the tobacco plant contains the neurotoxin nicotine causing an acute nicotine poisoning, known as Green Tobacco Sickness. In this context the widespread child labour on tobacco field is particularly alarming.
Water and Oceans
The runoff from pesticides and other chemicals used in tobacco growing pollutes soils, waterways and the groundwater. In Bangladesh, the Matamuhuri river is most affected and the damages to the fish population are obvious.
SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Every year, cigarette manufacturing needs 60 million tonnes of freshwater and produces 55 million tonnes of waste water containing a range of toxicants such as ammonia, nicotine, hydro-chloric acid, nitrate, chlorine, and lead compounds.
After smoking, cigarette butts most commonly are littered, adding up to an estimated 4.5 trillion pieces worldwide polluting the environment every year. During beach cleanups they are the number one picked up item.
Cigarette butts are composed of a filter and residue tobacco. They contain a mixture of over 7,000 toxic substances that leach out to the environment. Laboratory research showed that half of the fish died at a concentration of one used cigarette butt in one litre of water.
SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Additionally, cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate, i.e. plastic microfibers. They are not biodegradable, but decompose into microplastic. Thus, tobacco product waste also adds to the burden of plastic waste in our oceans.
Forests
Cigarette butts littered in forests unfold their toxic effects on soils and organisms also there, though little research on this has been done so far. However, the consequences of smoldering or burning cigarette butts are visible and dangerous. Particularly during dry periods, forest fires occur frequently. In summer 2018, for example, around 600 hectares of forest were destroyed in Oregon, USA.
SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Forests are notably endangered by tobacco growing. Forests are cut down to develop new fields and – even more serious – to cure the green tobacco leaves of the Virginia variety. Every year, this process uses globally 8 million tonnes of fuelwood.
In the miombo woodlands, a 270 million hectares dry forest belt in southern Africa, tobacco accounts for 3.3 to 26 % of deforestation. Thus, the local population is losing a functioning ecosystem providing medicinal plants, edible forest products, food for livestock as well as wood for construction and fuel. As regards the regional (and global) climate, an important CO2 storage is lost.